§ The house, which saves kilowatt
HOUSEHOLD SAVING
In Europe, already hard at building houses a special type - rassive house, available to reduce utility costs at times. In Ukraine not ready for any builders or consumers
How much money Ukrainians pay monthly utilities for maintaining the vital three-story, and in view of the attic and technical facilities, five-story building? On average, they spread out of her purse from two to four thousand hryvnia per month. After the existing tariff increase payments will rise by another 15-25%. Member of the National Union of Architects of Ukraine Tatiana Ernst managed to minimize these costs. Of all the public goods it uses only cold water, electricity and sewerage. As a result, your house is located in Kiev from 22 rooms (total area - 328.5 square meters. M), where a swimming pool, sauna, four bathrooms and laundry, Ernst pay per year on average, 3.1 thousand hryvnia (2500 hryvnia - electricity, heating / cooling and ventilation, 600 hryvnia - cold water and drain). That is about 260 hryvnia per month.
How is she doing? Ernst designed, built and is already two and a half years living with his family, not just in energy-saving house, but in rassive house (PH). Her house is extremely compact. Window it out mostly to the south, not north. At the same time building high quality insulated: the walls and base plate - foam glass in the windows are double-glazed windows with triple glazing and inert gas between them.
Heat give solar collectors and heat pumps. Last summer, the cold air supply. Within the walls of the house laid a system of pipes radiating heating / cooling system with warm (up to +32 ° C) water in winter and cool (to +22 ° C) - in the summer. According to estimates of the architect-inventor, the annual savings from this is approximately 30 thousand hryvnia.
"If there is no loss of energy, there is no need for its production" - forms the basic principle rassive house Director of "Delta Proektkonsalt Ukraine Wolfgang Gomernik. He notes that under the "passive house" refers to a specially designed compact building, equipped with a ventilation system with heat recovery. Thanks to the proper orientation to the cardinal and quality insulation is no winter or summer, does not need a classical heating or cooling. "Such buildings are called passive, because the main heat demand is covered by such passive sources, such as insolation and the heat generated by people and domestic appliances" - says Gomernik.
Passive houses consume 15 kW • ch/m2 year. Buildings erected on the traditional building technologies - 300-400 kW • ch/m2 year. Feel the difference!
Passive development
The founding fathers of PH were Germans. In mid-1980 a German engineer, physicist Wolfgang Feist decided to create a home-thermos. Calculations showed that it is real, if you observe some basic principles. So, the house should not lose heat, so a good thermal insulation. The building is completely sealed: no open-air vents. Ventilation is only through recuperators, heat exchangers. Autonomous heating system allows the use of solar collectors. From them you can get up to 60% of the heat. The rest is provided by heat generators (electric, gas, liquid or solid) including the shortage of solar energy.
Under the leadership of Feist architects designed the vehicle and in 1991 started its construction in the German Darmstadt. The experiment was a success. Construction cost was only 25% above normal. In 1996, Feist was founded in Darmstadt Institute of passive houses, which deals not only with promotion, and certification of ROP.
The system of building houses of this type is widely utilized in European countries. Leader in the construction of ROP is Austria. According to the Austrian union IG Passivhaus, in the country at the end of 2009 there were approximately 3.2 million square meters. meters of living space, corresponding to the standard launcher, but only in Europe - about seven million. For comparison, in Ukraine, but Ernst home, there are three PH: Chernigov, Vasilkovo (Kiev region). And in the village Mikhajlovka by Kanev (Cherkasy region).. Two more are being built in Odessa and Yavorov (Lviv region)..
What is the cost to build a rocket
Construction of passive houses in Europe, usually on a 5-15% more expensive than traditional construction of buildings constructed by the now current European standards of energy efficiency. But there is public support programs such undertakings partially or fully cover the cost of construction of ROP. According to Ernst, due to the correct architecture is saved directly to 60% of subsequent operating costs.
"If you compare the passive house standard with low power consumption, the difference in their operating costs will reach 50-80 percent," - says Gomernik. He also adds that the amortization period of LV in Austria or Germany may be 8-12 years.
Note that the reconstruction of the house with its transformation in the PR costs on 11-17% more expensive than construction from scratch. Nevertheless, in Western Europe such alteration has extensive form. Today, there are specific companies, designers and builders. "In Ukraine, I do not see a market for such services, because, sorry, many of the buildings under construction now can hardly be called otherwise than as a conglomeration of materials" - lamenting Gomernik.
However, fair to say that Ukrainians have not thought about energy-saving technologies. Another six years ago Ukrainian Zonal Research and Design Institute of Civil Engineering has developed a draft five-story energy efficient home that consume energy in four to five times less than that ordered to domestic regulations. Of course, this is not PR, but still better than the "sockets". The project has not yet been realized because of problems encountered with the ground.
Ukrainian perspective
Developers, fearful crisis, and do not want to hear about new technologies. A rassive house - it's not just another method of construction, but a completely different quality and process organization. Must strictly adhere to technical rules, because any mistake can negate the very idea.
However, such a quite natural requirement of our foremen is skeptical. "Not all new buildings meet the original project. The reasons for this are different: then draw something non-viable, then the number of building materials missed, "- says the head of the construction site of one of Kharkov construction company. Agrees with him and the head of the initiative "Project" passive house "Florian Lammaer. "The majority of Ukrainian construction companies will not be able to build a passive house. And above all, because of their attitude to work. If the builder that something can not do everything according to plan, it is something different turn, somewhere something else podmazhet, if only it was similar to that painted "- he says.
So while domestic construction companies may offer some energy-saving technologies, but the system launch. Perhaps that many Ukrainian consumers is enough. After all, even with the recent tariff increase energy remains affordable. Weekly fueling full tank of petrol and the purchase of food carts in the supermarket cost to households is much more expensive than the monthly receipt for payment of housing and communal services.
However, if rates rise in price of energy will not decrease, the pH is waiting for a brighter future. Lammaer said that after a jump in gas prices more and more of our fellow citizens have become interested in technology, a passive house. He divides these customers into two groups. First - the young, educated people, mostly families who seek to gain independence from the coming rise in prices. Second - wealthy people. They are passive house is interesting as a new trend in construction, fashionable thing. Houses-warmers.
House low-power consumption - not necessarily rassive house. Many of the new building and old building after reconstruction can already be called energy efficient. Referred to as energy-efficient ones at home, where the level of consumption does not exceed 70 kW • ch/m2 year.
Different countries set their own standards for energy efficiency.
In Switzerland, under the house to understand low-energy building, built on the standard "minenergi. He, in particular, provides for the payment of flats the consumption of heating energy, hot water and electric ventilation to 38 kW • ch/m2 a year, as well as the mandatory use of controlled ventilation with heat recovery.
In South Tyrol (Italy), low-energy houses are divided into classes A, B and C. Thus, the climatic House Class C meets the following requirements:
heat consumption should not exceed 50 kW • ch/m2 per year;
House must heated by renewable energy;
predominantly use building materials that are safe for human health and the environment.
In Germany, the most common types of energy-efficient homes - building standards KfW-55 and the KfW-70. The number 55 means that the maximum value of the annual primary energy consumption and heat loss in heat transfer represent only 55% of the minimum targets set by the German decree on energy saving. In addition, the annual primary energy consumption of the house should not exceed 40 kW • ch/m2 living space. KfW-1970 provides the level of annual consumption of primary energy to 60 kW • ch/m2.
Author of the article Daria Kutetskaya
№ 5 (291) 14 FEBRUARY
Expert Opinion
Lawyer of Justicon Irina Bouguer express an opinion on the adoption of passive houses in operation.
Passive houses - new to the construction business in Ukraine and, accordingly, is not provided for the regulatory acts of the right concept.
The legislation similar home is not a separate category and put into operation on a common basis in accordance with standard procedure.
The main task at the stage of commissioning is to verify the constructed buildings for compliance with the approved project. Therefore, if the passive house is built in accordance with project documents, approved a comprehensive state examination, questions from the public inspection of the architectural control should arise. Thus, the procedure and timing of operation in the "passive house" will be standard.
Another thing is that the development of such a house will be much more expensive and take longer for the customer, because the design organizations have little experience in developing similar projects and the project of the house is hardly typical.
Furthermore, even after the development project of this house may have nuances - at this project more "likely" to be unapproved comprehensive public examination. During the comprehensive public examination of the project will be checked in the following areas: durability, reliability, durability and architectural requirements, sanitary and epidemiological welfare of population, energy, fire and technogenic safety, etc. Only if a positive conclusion of state complex examination of the project is approved.
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Дата: Вторник, 15 Февраля 2011